Perge, once the capital of the Pamphylia region near Antalya, is a remarkable ancient city that has witnessed countless civilizations. Its rich history from the Bronze Age through the Roman Empire is preserved in its sprawling ruins.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
The history of Perge is intertwined with that of the wider Pamphylia region. Archaeological finds, such as obsidian and flint tools, indicate that the acropolis was inhabited as early as 4000–3000 BCE. The area contains prehistoric caves like Karain and Öküzini, which underscore its long-standing appeal as a settlement. Early settlers chose the high plateau of the acropolis for its defensive advantages and fertile surroundings, laying the foundation for what would become one of the region’s most illustrious cities.
Hittite Empire Period
During the Hittite era, Perge—known as Parha—played a notable role. A bronze tablet from Hattusha dating to around 1235 BCE mentions Perge, indicating its significance in the empire’s political landscape. Despite pressures from larger powers, Perge maintained a degree of independence and likely continued as a modest settlement on its acropolis throughout the Late Hittite period.
Early Hellenistic Influence
Soon after the decline of Hittite power due to Sea Peoples‘ invasions, Perge began experiencing early Greek influences. Legendary Greek heroes such as Mopsus and Calchas are said to have led settlers who founded Perge along with other cities in the region. The city embraced Hellenistic culture, blending native traditions with new architectural and artistic styles, which laid the groundwork for its later prosperity.
The City’s Name and Language
Coined after its chief goddess, Artemis Pergaia, early coinage of Perge often bears the inscription “Wanassa Preiis.” This suggests that the city may have originally been known by a name linked to its divine protector. While Perge, Syllion, and Aspendos spoke the Pamphylian dialect alongside Greek, neighboring cities like Side preserved their own linguistic traditions longer, highlighting the cultural diversity of ancient Pamphylia.
Entry of Alexander the Great
In 334 BCE, following the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander the Great entered Perge peacefully. The city, though fortified, chose not to resist the massive Macedonian army, acknowledging Alexander’s power. This event marked Perge’s integration into the Hellenistic world under the guidance of one of history‘s greatest conquerors, setting the stage for future Roman influence.
Perge After Alexander
After Alexander’s campaign, the region of Pamphylia was divided among successors. Perge likely fell under the influence of the Kingdom of Pergamon, forming part of Western Pamphylia. Despite the political turbulence, the city maintained a level of independence and continued developing until it eventually came under Roman control.
Roman Era
By 133 BCE, the Kingdom of Pergamon donated its territories to Rome, placing Perge within the Roman sphere. Under Roman rule, Perge flourished. It saw extensive urban planning with colonnaded streets, grand theaters, stadiums, an agora, and public baths. The city thrived culturally, economically, and architecturally, taking full advantage of the Pax Romana to build and beautify its public spaces.
Gymnasium and Palaestra Construction
In the mid-1st century CE, Gaius Julius Cornutus initiated the construction of a gymnasium and palaestra in Perge. These facilities were central to Roman social life, serving as places for physical training, socializing, and civic gatherings, reflecting the integration of Greek athletic traditions into Roman culture.
Hadrianic Era and Later Developments
During Emperor Hadrian‘s reign, Perge benefited from significant urban renewal and extensive patronage by influential families such as the Plancii. Plancia Magna, a prominent figure of this era, spearheaded large-scale city improvements, turning the entrance of Perge into a propaganda center adorned with statues and monuments that celebrated its mythic origins and ties to Hellenistic culture.
Isaurian Attacks and Decline
In the later centuries, particularly during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, Perge faced numerous challenges from Isaurian raids that disrupted trade and weakened the region. Despite periods of prosperity under emperors like Tacitus and Probus, repeated attacks, political instability, and economic hardship gradually led to the city’s decline.
Byzantine Period and Abandonment
During the Byzantine era, Perge remained an important episcopal center second only to Side. However, from the 7th century onwards, Arab raids and shifting political powers led to its gradual abandonment. By the Byzantine and early Ottoman periods, the once-great city lay in ruins, with its population dispersing to nearby settlements.
Religious History
According to the New Testament, Paul and Barnabas visited Perge twice, using it as a base for their missionary journeys. These visits underscore Perge’s role in early Christianity, adding another layer to its rich religious history. The city eventually became a center of Christian thought, evident in early church remains and inscriptions found on site.
The Ruins of Perge
The first archaeological excavations of Perge began in 1946 under A.M. Mansel from Istanbul University, unveiling numerous important structures:
Theater
The Perge theater, divided into the cavea (seating area), orchestra, and stage, could seat approximately 13,000 spectators. Its stage building features intricate marble reliefs depicting the life of Dionysus, providing insights into ancient theatrical productions and gatherings.
Stadium
Renowned as one of the best-preserved stadiums from antiquity, the Perge stadium measures 234 by 34 meters (768 feet by 112 feet) and could host around 12,000 people. Built from local conglomerate stone, its well-preserved seating and arches reveal details of ancient sports and commerce.
Agora
The agora was the city’s commercial and political hub. Surrounded by shops, some with mosaic floors, it showcases the bustling marketplace where citizens interacted, conducted business, and exchanged ideas.
Columned Street
Running from the acropolis to the city center, the columned street features a central water channel dividing it. This impressive avenue once served as a major boulevard for processions, trade, and daily life.
Hellenistic Gate
Dating to the 2nd century BCE, the Hellenistic Gate, with its four-story twin towers and oval courtyard, served as a grand entrance. Later modifications in 121 CE transformed it into an honor court, decorated with colorful marble and statues of gods and legendary founders.
South Bath
One of the best-preserved structures in Perge, the South Bath complex includes various rooms for different bathing temperatures and activities. Its advanced hypocaust system underlines Roman engineering prowess and highlights the importance of baths in daily Roman life.
Other significant structures include necropoleis, defensive walls, a gymnasium, and monumental fountains.
Tips for Visiting Today
When planning a visit to Perge, it is best to go early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid crowds and the midday heat. Wear comfortable shoes, bring sunscreen, a hat, and ample water as you explore the extensive ruins on uneven terrain. The entrance fee for Perge Ancient City is approximately €9 for international visitors, while Turkish Museum Pass holders can enter for free. Hiring a knowledgeable guide or joining a guided tour can greatly enhance the experience by providing historical context and fascinating anecdotes about the site. Please contact us for more details.
Nearby Attractions, Tours & Blue Cruises
While in the Antalya region, consider exploring nearby ancient cities such as Aspendos, renowned for its well-preserved Roman theater, and Side, known for its beautiful harbor and archaeological treasures. The modern city of Antalya also offers beaches, dining, and cultural experiences that complement your historical journey.
Discover with Us
At The Other Tour, we invite you to uncover the wonders of Perge with expert guides who bring history to life. Our tailored tours provide exclusive insights, seamless logistics, and insider tips to enhance your visit. Whether you are a history enthusiast or a curious traveler, discovering Perge with us guarantees an enriching and memorable adventure through one of Anatolia’s most storied ancient cities.
