Istanbul Earthquake: A 2025 Update

A Land Shaped by Tectonic Forces

Turkey, situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, lies atop the Anatolian Plate, which is squeezed between the Eurasian and Arabian Plates. This tectonic pressure has made Turkey one of the most seismically active regions in the world.

The movement along the North Anatolian Fault—a major strike-slip fault stretching across northern Turkey—has produced countless earthquakes throughout history, shaping the land and its people.

Earthquakes have left an indelible mark on Turkey’s written record, often defining the fate of its greatest city, Istanbul. During the Ottoman era, the 1509 earthquake, famously known as the “Little Apocalypse,” devastated vast sections of the city, killing tens of thousands and toppling countless buildings, including portions of the city walls. This disaster not only left physical scars but also inspired architectural adaptations to make structures more resilient.

Shortly after this era, Mimar Sinan, the Ottoman Empire’s most celebrated architect, encountered seismic challenges of his own. Sinan had recently completed the Kırkçeşme water system, an intricate network of aqueducts that brought water to Istanbul from the Belgrade Forest. A powerful earthquake struck, severely damaging parts of the system. Undeterred, Sinan rebuilt the aqueducts with innovative reinforcements. His work was so masterful that no subsequent earthquake has ever destroyed the system, a testament to his engineering genius and foresight.

In the 18th century, the catastrophic earthquake of 1766 further shaped Istanbul’s seismic history. This quake destroyed iconic mosques, including the Fatih Mosque, which required extensive rebuilding. The event underscored the city’s persistent vulnerability and the need for durable construction techniques.

The late 19th century brought another wave of destruction. The 1894 Istanbul earthquake struck with such force that it toppled numerous buildings, displacing thousands and creating a humanitarian crisis. This event, combined with the lessons of earlier quakes, highlighted the need for long-term strategies to protect the city’s inhabitants and infrastructure.

Urban Development and Demographic Shifts

For much of the 20th century, Istanbul’s population grew modestly. However, the post-World War I period saw a decline in development due to political and economic instability. This trend began to reverse dramatically in the second half of the century, as Istanbul transformed into an economic and cultural hub. By the 1950s, rural-to-urban migration surged, fueled by industrialization and urbanization. The city’s population skyrocketed, creating sprawling neighborhoods, many of which were hastily constructed without adequate planning or regard for seismic safety. Today, Istanbul’s population exceeds 15 million, making its vulnerability to earthquakes a critical concern.

Lessons from the 1999 İzmit Earthquake

The 1999 İzmit earthquake remains a haunting reminder of Turkey’s seismic reality. Striking near Istanbul with a magnitude of 7.6, the quake caused over 17,000 confirmed deaths and displaced hundreds of thousands. Stories of survivors recall chaos, with fires breaking out, looting in devastated neighborhoods, and families desperately searching for loved ones trapped beneath rubble. Many waited days for rescue teams that never arrived, highlighting the inadequacies of emergency response systems. The quake’s impact on a less densely populated area underscores the potential devastation that a similar event could inflict on Istanbul. Despite the tragic losses, the İzmit earthquake prompted calls for improved building standards and disaster preparedness—efforts that have progressed slowly in the decades since.

The Science Behind the Predictions

Recent studies by Prof. Dr. Marco Bohnhoff from the German Research Centre for Geosciences reaffirm that Istanbul’s seismic risk is alarmingly high. Updated data suggest the anticipated earthquake could measure at least 7.0 on the Richter scale, with catastrophic consequences. Dr. Dogan Kalafat, head of the Bosphorus Observatory, estimates a 50% probability of such an event occurring within the next seven years and a greater than 90% chance by 2070.

Infrastructure Challenges

Despite ongoing efforts to retrofit or replace at-risk buildings, Istanbul’s size and density pose enormous challenges. The city is home to nearly 1 million buildings, many of which were constructed before modern earthquake-resilient design standards were implemented. Current projections estimate that a major earthquake could cause at least 5,000 buildings to collapse instantly, with tens of thousands more suffering extensive damage. Experts predict 60-80% of buildings could sustain some form of damage, with 20-40% rendered uninhabitable.

The human toll could be catastrophic. Drawing comparisons to the 1999 İzmit earthquake, the potential loss of life in Istanbul’s urban sprawl could be unprecedented.

High-Risk Areas

Certain neighborhoods in Istanbul are particularly vulnerable. Zeytinburnu, for instance, lies on soft soil near the Marmara Sea and has seen rapid, often unregulated urbanization. Disaster awareness advocates like Seyda Sever have been tirelessly working in such areas to educate residents and promote preparedness. However, much remains to be done to fortify these neighborhoods against the inevitable.

2023 Southeastern Turkey Earthquakes

The catastrophic earthquakes that struck southeastern Turkey in February 2023 serve as a grim reminder of the destruction a major seismic event can cause. With a death toll potentially exceeding 100,000, this tragedy underscores the dire need for preparedness in Istanbul. Observers note the parallels—from inadequate infrastructure to insufficient emergency planning—between southeastern Turkey and Istanbul, warning that the latter faces an even graver risk.

The aftermath brought heart-wrenching scenes of families hearing their loved ones’ voices from beneath rubble but unable to rescue them due to lack of equipment and personnel. Fires broke out in the ruins, adding to the horror, and looting further eroded the fragile sense of security.

What Needs to Be Done

The urgency for action in Istanbul cannot be overstated. Key priorities include:

1. Infrastructure Modernization: Accelerating the retrofitting of older buildings and enforcing stringent construction standards for new developments.
2. Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating residents about earthquake preparedness, evacuation plans, and survival strategies.
3. Enhanced Emergency Response: Strengthening disaster response capabilities, including training first responders and establishing robust communication systems.
4. Urban Planning Overhaul: Relocating vulnerable populations from high-risk areas and discouraging further unregulated urbanization.

2025 Update

Dr. Naci Görür, a prominent expert with 45 years of experience, has issued dire warnings about Istanbul’s seismic future. According to Görür, Istanbul has two active fault lines: Kumburgaz and Adalar. If the Kumburgaz fault breaks alone, it could produce a 7.2 magnitude earthquake. The Adalar fault, breaking alone, could reach a magnitude of 7.0. If both break simultaneously, they could unleash a catastrophic 7.5 magnitude earthquake. There is a 65% chance of such an event occurring within the next 30 years, and it could happen at any moment. Görür also vehemently opposes the Kanal Istanbul project proposed by President Erdoğan, calling it an unscientific and dangerous venture that jeopardizes countless lives.

Infrastructure Challenges Despite ongoing efforts to retrofit or replace at-risk buildings, Istanbul’s size and density pose enormous challenges. The city is home to nearly 1 million buildings, many of which were constructed before modern earthquake-resilient design standards were implemented. Current projections estimate that a major earthquake could cause at least 5,000 buildings to collapse instantly, with tens of thousands more suffering extensive damage. Experts predict 60-80% of buildings could sustain some form of damage, with 20-40% rendered uninhabitable.

The potential human toll is staggering. Some estimates suggest that a major earthquake in Istanbul could lead to the deaths of up to 4 million people, making it one of the deadliest disasters in human history.

A Call to Action

The looming earthquake is not just Istanbul’s problem—it is a national and even international concern. Collaborative efforts between government agencies, scientific communities, and citizens are essential to mitigate the potential devastation. As the city approaches this uncertain future, its resilience will depend on the choices made today.

Preparedness is not a luxury but a necessity for Istanbul. The question is no longer whether we can afford to prepare but whether we can afford not to.

Istanbul is located near a major fault line, the North Anatolian Fault, and experts anticipate a potentially devastating earthquake in the future. This earthquake is likely to be a powerful strike-slip earthquake, with a magnitude potentially exceeding 7.0. The city’s older infrastructure and dense population make it particularly vulnerable to the severe consequences of such an earthquake. While it’s impossible to predict when it will happen, Istanbul is focusing on preparedness and improving its infrastructure to mitigate the potential damage.

---

You may check out our article about the safety of traveling to Turkey in 2025.

---

RECENT VLOG

Here is a brand new video in which the filmmakers provide an update on the current state of Antakya, Turkey, one year after a devastating earthquake that killed over 50,000 people and left 1.5 million homeless.

Antakya (formerly Antioch) is a deeply historic city. Founded in the 4th century BC, it flourished as a major center of the Hellenistic world, and later held importance within the Roman and Byzantine Empires. Antakya is significant to early Christianity and was a pivotal location during the Crusades, even serving as the capital of the Principality of Antioch.

The earthquake destroyed thousands of buildings, causing an estimated damage of over $350 billion. The video documents the ongoing struggle of the affected community to rebuild their lives, with many people still living in temporary shelters and facing legal battles over land ownership and insurance payouts.

The filmmakers (Mick and Trudie) also highlight the damage to historical sites, including churches, mosques, and synagogues, and share personal experiences of the pre-earthquake charm of the city. Despite the hardships, the people of Antakya maintain a positive attitude and are working to restore their community, with the help of organizations like Buradayiz Hatay. Mick and Trudie encourage viewers to support the organization and the people of Antakya through donations and encouragement.

 

Mick and Trudie are passionate filmmakers who create quality films showcasing the beauty of Turkey. Mick, fondly known as “Mick Amca” (Uncle Mick), speaks fluent Turkish – unusual for an English person – while Trudie continues to learn the language. Their channel was originally created to inspire others to explore and appreciate the many wonders Turkey has to offer.